Analog to digital converter application
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A 10-bit flash ADC may consume half an amp.A variation on the flash converter is the half-flash, which uses an internal digital-to-analog converter (DAC) and subtraction to reduce the number of internal comparators. Also, because of the number of comparators required, they tend to be power hogs, drawing significant current. Flash ADCs are very fast, but consume enormous amounts of IC real estate. All of the comparator outputs connect to a block of logic that determines the output based on which comparators are low and which are high.The conversion speed of the flash ADC is the sum of the comparator delays and the logic delay (the logic delay is usually negligible). A 4-bit ADC will have 16 comparators, an 8-bit ADC will have 256 comparators. A flash ADC uses comparators, one per voltage step, and a string of resistors. The flash ADC is the fastest type available. The most common types of ADCs are flash, successive approximation, and sigma-delta. However, if the dynamic range of the ADC exceeds that of the input signal, its effects may be neglected resulting in an essentially perfect digital representation of the input signal.ĪDCs come in various speeds, use different interfaces, and provide differing degrees of accuracy. The presence of quantization error limits the dynamic range of even an ideal ADC. If an ADC operates at a sampling rate greater than twice the bandwidth of the signal, then perfect reconstruction is possible given an ideal ADC and neglecting quantization error. ADCs are chosen to match the bandwidth and required signal-to-noise ratio of the signal to be quantized. An ideal ADC has an ENOB equal to its resolution. The dynamic range of an ADC is often summarized in terms of its effective number of bits (ENOB), the number of bits of each measure it returns that are on average not noise. The dynamic range of an ADC is influenced by many factors, including the resolution, linearity and accuracy (how well the quantization levels match the true analog signal), aliasing and jitter. The bandwidth of an ADC is characterized primarily by its sampling rate. The performance of ADC is characterized by its bandwidth and its signal-to-noise ratio. Furthermore, instead of continuously performing the conversion, an ADC does the conversion periodically, sampling the input, limiting the allowable bandwidth of the input signal. The conversion involves quantization of the input, so it necessarily introduces a small amount of error or noise. Due to the complexity and the need for precisely matched components, all but the most specialized ADCs are implemented as integrated circuits (ICs).A digital-to-analog converter (DAC) performs the reverse function it converts a digital signal into an analog signal.An ADC converts a continuous-time and continuous-amplitude analog signal to a discrete-time and discrete-amplitude digital signal. Typically the digital output is a two’s complement binary number that is proportional to the input, but there are other possibilities. An ADC may also provide an isolated measurement such as an electronic device that converts an input analog voltage or current to a digital number representing the magnitude of the voltage or current.
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In electronics, an analog-to-digital converter (ADC, A/D, or A-to-D) is a system that converts an analog signal, such as a sound picked up by a microphone or light entering a digital camera, into a digital signal.